变压器(Transformer)是利用电磁感应的原理来改变交流电压的装置,主要构件是初级线圈、次级线圈和铁芯(磁芯)。主要功能有:电压变换、电流变换、阻抗变换、隔离、稳压(磁饱和变压器)等。按用途可以分为:电力变压器和特殊变压器(电炉变、整流变、工频试验变压器、调压器、矿用变、音频变压器、中频变压器、高频变压器、冲击变压器、仪用变压器、电子变压器、电抗器、互感器等)。
变压器的维护保养是电工操作人员及电工操作兼修理人员为了保持变压器正常技术状态,延长使用寿命所必须进行的日常工作。变压器的维护保养是电气设备管理中的重要内容。如果维护保养工作做得到位,不但可以减少设备故障率,节约维修费用,降低成本,同时还可以给公司和员工带来良好的经济效益。那么变压器保养及维修,我们需要注意哪些事项呢?
一、容量
在正常运行时,应使变压器承受的用电负荷在变压器额定容量的 75—90% 左右。
二、温度
安装在变压器上的温度计,在巡视变压器时应同时作记录。无人值班的变压器应于每次定期检查时记录变压器的电压、电流和上层油温。此外,对于配电变压器应在最大负荷期间测量某三相的负荷。如发配不平衡时,应重新分配。测量的期限应在现场规程内规定
三、绝缘监测
变压器在安装或检修后投入运行前(通常在干燥后)及长期停用后,均应测量线圈的绝缘电阻,测得的数值与测量时的油温应记入变压器履历卡片中。
测量线圈的绝缘电阻应使用1000~2500伏的兆欧表。 线圈绝缘电阻的允许值不予规定。
在变压器使用期间所测得的绝缘电阻值与变压器在安装或大修干燥后投入运行前测得的数值的比,是判断变压器运行中绝缘状态的主要依据。绝缘电阻的测量应尽可能在相同的温度,用电压相同的兆欧表进行。
四、电流范围
变压器低压最大不平衡电流不得超过额定值的25%;变压器电源电压变化允许范围为额定电压的正负 5%。如果超过这一范围应采用分接开关进行调整,使电压达到规定范围。
(调整时应停电进行)通常是改变一次绕组分接抽头的位置实现调压的,连接及切换分接抽头位置的装置叫分接开关,它是通过改变变压器高压绕组的匝数来调整变比的。
电压低对变压器本身无影响,只降低一些出力,但对用电设备有影响;电压增高,磁通增加,铁芯饱和,铁芯损耗增加,变压器温度升高。
五、过负荷
特殊情况变压器可在短时间内过负荷运行,但在冬季不得超过额定负荷 30%,夏季不得超过额定负荷的 15%。此外,应根据变压器的温升与制造厂规定来确定变压器的过负荷能力。
过负荷分正常过负荷和事故过负荷两种情况。正常过负荷是在正常供电情况下,用户用电量增加而引起的。它将使变压器温度升高,导致变压器绝缘加速老化,使用寿命降低,因此一般情况下不允许过负荷运行。
变压器的故障种类较多,但常见的故障现象也不外乎短路、断路和漏电等几种。产生这些故障的原因可归纳为3个方面:一是设计有错误;二是制作质量差;三是使用条件超过了设计要求。
变压器的维修方法:第一步拆卸铁心。变压器往往灌注沥青、蜡等材料,拆卸前应加热使其溶化脱离变压器,另外应将变压器引线从端子上焊掉,取下固定夹板,用螺钉旋具撬起第一片硅钢片,然后用钳子将硅钢片一片一片地拉出来。取出硅钢片时,必须要小心,不要损坏线圈引线,同时要避免硅钢片折断和弯曲。然后,将取出的硅钢片收集在一起,用纸包好,以免丢失和损坏绝缘。20
第二步拆卸线圈。取出铁心后,首先对线圈外观作一次检查,看外观无损坏,然后再次用绝缘电阻表检查故障究竟发生在哪一个线圈,以便有目的地拆卸。拆卸时要注意记下层间绝缘、导线直径、每层圈数和层数等,以便重新绕制时参考。同时,应注意保护导线绝缘漆的表皮,以便再次使用;还要特别注意查找和发现线圈短路和断路的原因。当找到发生故障的部位并进行处理后,可按原来绕制方法重新绕制,并在绕制和修复后,进行全面测试和检查。待在各项指标均符合要求后,方可继续使用。
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