记者 |江帆JF
去年降电价目标超额完成后,中国一般工商业电价还将继续下降。
3月5日上午,国务院总理李克强在作2019年政府工作报告时指出,深化电力市场化改革,清理电价附加收费,降低制造业用电成本,一般工商业平均电价再降低10%。
在2018年政府工作报告中,已经提出了“降低电网环节收费和输配电价格,一般工商业电价平均降低10%”的要求。
根据此前公布的2018年政府工作报告量化指标任务落实情况,当年一般工商业电价降低10%任务目标超额完成,全国平均降低8分钱以上,降幅超过10%。
销售电价主要由购电成本、输配电损耗、输配电价,及政府性基金及附加四部分构成。
华北电力大学经济与管理学院教授袁家海对界面新闻记者表示,本轮降电价一是为了继续清理和降低电价附加费,二是深挖输配电环节降价空间,三是电力体制改革进一步释放改革红利、推动可再生能源平价上网。
针对今年电价下调空间,袁家海认为,考虑到煤电行业还存在大面积亏损的情况,火电发电环节的利润挤压空间不大,因此只能从电网环节“做文章”。
中国电网输配电价核定周期为三年,上一轮定价周期为2017-2019年,2020年才到重新核定时间,因此,今年区域内输配电价降价空间有限。
一般工商业用电,是指除居民生活用电、大工业用电和农业生产用电外的普通工业用电及商业用电。电价是一般工商业、大工业用户最敏感的生产要素之一,直接关系着企业的成本及效益,也成为目前政府价格主管部门最重要的调控手段之一。
自2015年新一轮电力改革启动以来,国家已下发了多项降低企业用电成本的相关政策。其中以2018年的降价力度最大,国家发改委价格司分四批出台了多项相关措施。
第一批措施从4月1日开始执行,电价降幅为4.3分/千瓦时,涉及降价资金432亿元。主要包括全面落实已出台的电网清费政策;推进区域电网和跨省跨区专项工程输电价格改革;进一步规范和降低电网环节收费;临时性降低输配电价四项措施。
第二批措施从5月1日开始执行,电价降幅为2.16分/千瓦时,涉及降价资金216亿元。措施主要包括两个方面,即通过释放电力行业的增值税税率调整和电网企业留抵退税一次性退返腾出的电价空间,用于减轻企业负担。
7月1日起,开始执行第三批措施,涉及降价资金173亿元。主要通过扩大跨省区电力交易规模、国家重大水利工程建设基金征收标准降低25%、督促自备电厂承担政策性交叉补贴三项措施,进一步降低一般工商业电价。
在出台上述八项降电价措施后,涉及降电价金额821亿元。但部分地区电价降幅未达目标,国家发改委再次发文要求继续降低电价。
8月20日,发改委印发特急文件表示,电价降幅还未达到10%的地区,可由电网企业通过内部调剂的方式,弥补省电力公司的资金缺口,或在下一输配电价监管周期统筹平衡。在此之后,吉林、河南、四川等多个省份出台了要求电网让利的具体降价措施。
监管部门降低电价的另一动因是要倒逼电网披露真实利润。
一位长期在电力行业工作的匿名人士对界面新闻表示,本次降价是为了继续挤压电网环节利润,由此倒逼电网企业披露真实盈利情况。
根据国家电网公司(下称国家电网)近日发布的《2018社会责任报告》,国家电网2018年利润总额为780.1亿元,同比下降14.29%。
国家电网称,去年落实国家降价、清费、减税等减负措施,合计减负915亿元,其中一般工商业减负792亿元,降幅12.4%,超额完成“一般工商业电价平均降低10%”的目标。
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