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河南博泰电力知识库|为什么我国电压标准是220V?
Date:2019-04-09 | Views:2301

  大多数人应该都知道,中国用的市电电压标准是220V,而日本和美国是110V。这是为什么呢?

  源自美国

  还是要从交直大战的那两位主人翁说起。在电力使用的早期历史中,爱迪生(ThomasEdison)的通用电力公司首先在美国使用110V电压为客户供给直流电。而后几年,特斯拉(NikolaTesla)发明了3相的240V交流电,但出于安全考虑他也把电压降低到了110V,并最终在西屋电气公司(Westinghouse)的资助下,他的交流电体系成为了美国的供电标准。因为美国采用的是英制单位(12进制),为计算方便,标准确定为110V/60Hz的规格。

  成于欧洲

  商用交流电大获成功之后,欧洲迅速引进了交流发电、馈电技术。欧洲除英国外均使用公制单位(10进制),为计算方便将频率改为了50Hz。后因110V电压较低,同功率下,比220V时电流大,用铜多,电网传输损耗较大,所以当时处于欧洲垄断地位的德国AEG公司主导将电压规格改为了220V。此电压规格由110V倍压而来,技术改造相对最简单,于是在欧洲国家就形成了220V/50Hz的交流电网标准。因为二战后欧洲还没有太多的电力设施和用电设备,所以这次改变成本并不是很大。

  后来,美国也考虑改用220V来提供市电,但是随着家庭中适配110V电压的家用电器增多,已经错过了最佳时机。如果强行更改电压规格,不仅会淘汰大量现役电器和设备造成太大浪费,相信也会搞的民怨载道。最后妥协的方案是:220V电力进入家庭后再分为110V来给大部分电器供电,像电炉、电烘干机等大功率电器则用220V。

  用在中国

  由于中国历史原因,电力出现在中国的半殖民时期,最早的交流电网并没有统一的标准,只是局部的小型电网,设备由各发达工业国提供,规格自然五花八门。1949年以后,中国的工业化全面转向苏联模式,电网建设也遵照苏联标准,而苏联采用的也是欧洲标准,于是220V/50Hz最终定为中国的电网标准。其中,由于历史遗留问题,建国后东北地区及上海市的部分原租界地区,用的仍是110V电压标准,直到上世纪60年代后期,才统一使用220V电压。

  现在看来,选用220V/50Hz作为市电标准是完全正确的,主要是因为:

  (1)输送同样的功率,220V比110V损耗少;

  (2)电压提高一倍,可以节省导线截面积一半的输电线;

  (3)考虑实际线路干扰和损耗,高电压传输的距离更远;

  (4)220V的市电是50Hz,与110V频率60Hz相比较,电动机功率体积比更小,能节约很多制造电机的材料。

  各国电压知多少

  阿根廷:电压:220V(单相),380V(三相),频率:50Hz

  巴西:电压:110/220V(单相),380/460V(三相),频率:60Hz

  加拿大:电压:120/240V(单相),208/240V(三相);频率:60Hz

  墨西哥:电压:127/220V(单相),220V(三相);频率:60Hz

  美国:电压:120/240V(单相),208/240V(三相);频率:60Hz

  澳大利亚/新西兰:电压:240/415V(单相),415V(三相);频率:50Hz

  印度:电压:230V;频率:50Hz

  印尼:电压:230V(单相),380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  日本:电压:100/200V(单相),200V(三相);频率:50Hz

  韩国:电压:220(单相),380(三相);频率:60Hz

  马来西亚:电压:220-240V;频率:50Hz

  菲律宾:电压:220V; 频率:60Hz

  新加坡:电压:230V(单相)400V(三相) ;频率:50Hz

  泰国:电压:220V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  越南:电压:120/220V(单相)220V(三相);频率:50Hz

  丹麦:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  芬兰:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  德国:电压::230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  匈牙利:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  立陶宛:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  波兰:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  斯洛伐克共和国:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  斯洛文尼亚:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  瑞典:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  捷克共和国:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  克罗地亚:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  挪威:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  瑞士:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  乌克兰:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

  俄罗斯:电压:230V(单相)380V(三相);频率:50Hz

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